RR  ILR  R.R  R_R  RA  R.R  AR  MM  *A  AA,  AR 


AR  AA  AA  AA AA  AR  AA  AA  RA  AA  AA  AA  AA  AA.AA  AA  AA  AA.AA  AAAA  AA  G* 

5 


»«*&>' 


TENNESSEE 


_ _ mmmmmi 

mWwwvvvvvmwhvwvvwvvwww  yv  tfn.tAMre  mnniWM  Kii  ini  g 


; 

etin  No.  30 


% 


VIEW  OF  TEST 

■ 

■’  vii.  .'  ,i"  ■-*'  V:'[<  "*  <  ■  1'^  l  ^. '  I.  '  '.£:/' 


Scientific  Section — Educational  Bureau 

HENRY  A.  GARDNER,  Director 

PAINT  MANUFACTURERS’  ASSOCIATION 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 

v  •' v..  v 

Copyright,  1910,  by  Paint  Manufacturers’  Association  of  U.S. 

' 

‘  ’  ,r  V '  '■  /.-•#<.  '!•-’■•  V-''.,  •  •  S  '  '  '  *  “  '  -‘v  *'■  'f  '■ 


•\ 


'HIS  PAINT  test 
l*to  DETERMINE  jSSL 
PAINT  PIGMENTS,  OR* 

COMBINATIONS  of  PAINT 

PIGMENTS,  are  best  Suited 
to  Withstand  Exposure  in 

this  CLIMATE.  It  nas  Erected 
By  the  MINT  MANUFACTURERS’ 
ASSOCIATION  ifthtliutedStates 

and  i*  under  the  Supervieiee  of  V 
Tennessee  State  AutkerrtieiftQnne  A 


VIEWS  OF  FENCE 


THE 

TENNESSEE 
WHITE  PAINT 
TESTS 


Scientific  Section — Educational  Bureau 
HENRY  A.  GARDNER,  Director 

PAINT  MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


Preface 


The  agriculturist  is  interested  in  producing  from  his  land,  ma¬ 
terial  that  will  enrich  his  bank  account,  maintain  his  live  stock  and 
keep  his  buildings  in  good  condition.  The  planting  of  flax  will  serve 
all  three  of  these  purposes.  There  will  be  obtained  a  good  price  for 
the  oil  that  will  later  come  back  in  the  form  of  paint  for  the  farm 
buildings,  and  there  will  be  at  hand  a  supply  of  oil  cake  to  fatten 
cattle. 

The  Southern  Test  Fence  will  no  doubt  stimulate  the  Southern 
farmer  to  plant  a  part  of  his  acreage  in  this  valuable  flax  crop,  and 
thus  serve  to  increase  the  production  of  linseed  oil.  Since  Bolley  has 
shown  that  the  flax  plant  does  not  materially  exhaust  the  soil  chem¬ 
ically,  and  that  the  fungus  which  has  caused  the  shortage  of  the  flax 
crop  in  the  northwest  may  be  prevented  by  concerted  action  in  im¬ 
munizing  seed  for  planting,  the  Southern  planter  should  look  with  ap¬ 
proval  upon  such  an  innovation  as  the  planting  of  flax  in  the  South. 

HENRY  A.  GARDNER, 

Director. 


OUTLINE  OF  TEST 

On  September  15,  1910,  the  erection  of  a  wooden  test  fence  was 
completed  on  the  State  Fair  Grounds  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  by  the 
Scientific  Section  of  the  Paint  Manufacturers’  Association.  Upon  this 
fence  were  exposed  forty-two  samples  of  white  paint,  in  order  to  de¬ 
termine  whether  the  combination  type  of  formula  is  superior  to  the 
single  pigment  type,  in  the  southern  plateau  of  which  Nashville  is  the 
centre. 

The  construction  and  outline  of  these  tests  differ  somewhat  from 
those  conducted  at  Atlantic  City  and  elsewhere  by  the  Scientific 
Section.  The  fence  frame  is  150  feet  long,  being  made  of  6-inch 
bevelled  girders  supported  three  feet  from  the  ground  by  4-inch  posts 
set  six  feet  apart.  Upon  this  girder  are  placed  a  series  of  forty-two 
test  panels  supported  at  top  and  bottom  with  weather  strips  and 
braces. 

The  test  panels  are  40  inches  high,  30  inches  wide,  and  one-inch 
thick,  being  made  of  the  highest  grade  white  pine,  tongued  and 
grooved  together,  and  protected  on  the  edges  by  weather  strips  pro¬ 
jecting  from  the  surface  of  the  panels.  Each  panel  is  painted  on  both 
sides  with  the  same  paint,  thus  giving  an  eastern  and  western  ex¬ 
posure,  the  fence  running  north  and  south.  The  formulas  used  in  the 
test  vary  in  their  percentage  composition,  being  made  up  in  some 
cases  of  single  pigments  and  again  with  combinations  of  the  opaque 
white  pigments  with  and  without  certain  percentages  of  the  crystal¬ 
line  or  inert  pigments.  The  paints  were  applied  under  the  supervision 
of  prominent  master  painters  and  a  committee  representing  the  Scien¬ 
tific  Section  and  other  technical  organizations. 

Other  field  tests  have  shown  that  the  sap  and  knots  in  hard- 
grained  woods,  such  as  yellow  pine,  cypress,  etc.,  have  been  the  cause 
of  the  failure  of  even  the  best  paints  and  that  all  tests  should  be  con¬ 
ducted  upon  soft  woods,  such  as  white  pine  and  poplar,  if  definite 
results  are  to  be  obtained.  Paints  tinted  with  ochre,  chrome  yellow, 
lampblack,  iron  oxide,  etc.,  have  shown  on  the  other  field  tests  which 
have  been  conducted  at  Atlantic  City,  Pittsburg  and  Fargo,  the  value 
of  these  pigments  in  giving  to  the  paints  increased  wearing  properties. 
On  the  Southern  Test  Fence,  therefore,  all  the  formulas  were  ground 
in  white  only  and  placed  upon  white  pine  so  as  to  make  the  test 
primarily  one  to  determine  the  value  of  the  various  white  pigments 
upon  good  wood. 


What  the  Test  Means  to  the  Oil  Situation. 


The  fence  has  been  placed  under  the  supervision  and  care  of  Mr. 
Lucius  P.  Brown,  State  Food  and  Drug  Commissioner  of  Tennessee, 
who  is  endeavoring,  through  these  tests,  to  interest  the  farmers  of 
his  and  neighboring  States  in  the  growing  of  flax  and  other  oil  bear¬ 
ing  seeds.  Immense  deposits  of  phosphate  rock  underlying  the  soil 
throughout  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  are  probably  responsible  for  the 
wonderful  farming  land  in  that  country,  and  the  growth  of  soya  beans 
for  cattle  feed  has  been  carried  on  for  some  time  with  great  success. 
The  planting  of  small  areas  of  flaxseed  of  the  Mediterranean  type  will 
probably  be  begun  early  in  the  spring  at  the  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station  in  Tennessee,  and  should  these  experiments  prove  successful, 
great  encouragement  will  be  given  to  a  new  industry  for  the  South. 
The  test  fence  having  been  placed  at  the  most  advantageous  point, 
at  the  State  Fair  Grounds  in  Nashville,  has  already  attracted  great 
attention  from  planters  of  that  district,  and  these  tests,  together  with 
the  experiments  which  will  soon  be  under  way  by  the  Agricultural 
Department,  should  prove  of  great  interest. 

Testing  Other  Paint  Oils. 

Upon  one  series  of  panels  on  the  fence  has  been  placed  one  of 
the  formulas  which  has  given  universal  satisfaction  on  the  various 
test  fences  in  the  past,  and  this  formula  has  been  made  up  with  various 
oils  other  than  linseed  oil  in  order  to  determine  the  value  of  these  oils 
as  painting  materials.  For  instance,  the  vehicle  part  of  the  one  formula 
referred  to  is  made  up  of  50  per  cent,  linseed  oil  and  50  per  cent,  soya 
bean  oil,  and  again  50  per  cent,  linseed  oil  and  50  per  cent,  rosin  oil, 
etc.,  an  effort  being  made  to  test  out  all  the  available  semi-drying  oils. 

Co-operating  with  the  Government  in  Testing  Wood  Turpentines. 

The  same  formula  referred  to  has  also  been  ground  in  pure  linseed 
oil  and  subjected  to  a  series  of  tests  where  it  has  been  thinned  for 
application  as  priming  and  second  coats  with  a  series  of  wood  turpen¬ 
tines  obtained  from  the  United  States  Forest  Products  Laboratory 
at  Madison,  Wis.  These  turpentines  were  made  from  southern  pine 
stumps  and  sawdust,  and  they  vary  greatly  in  their  properties.  Some 
are  objectionable  in  odor,  while  others  are  of  excellent  quality,  having 
an  odor  almost  equal  to  that  of  pure  gum  spirits.  Should  these  wood 
turpentines  prove  their  value  by  actual  field  exposure  tests,  there  is  no 
reason  why  they  should  not  be  produced  in  large  quantity  from  the 
present  waste  material  found  in  the  South,  and  thus  help  to  relieve 
the  present  situation  as  regards  pure  gum  spirits  turpentine. 


Future  of  Pine  Oil. 


One  product  under  test  of  the  Southern  Test  Fence  is  pine  oil, 
a  high-boiling-point  product  obtained  from  the  manufacture  of  wood 
turpentine  from  sawdust.  This  has  a  boiling  point  of  over  210°  C. 
as  against  the  150°  of  ordinary  gum  spirits.  It  is  almost  water  white  and 
has  the  same  penetrating  qualities  as  the  pure  gum  spirits,  and  is  also 
free  from  that  objectionable  odor  characteristic  of  so  many  low-boiling- 
point  products.  When  mixed  with  50  per  cent,  linseed  oil,  this  product 
forms  a  paint  oil  of  extremely  light  color,  and  most  excellent  proper¬ 
ties,  producing  a  semi-flat  paint  of  great  whiteness.  If  exposure  tests 
prove  this  oil  as  worthy  as  the  tests  thus  far  show,  it  would  appear 
to  be  of  great  importance  to  the  southern  manufacturers  to  produce 
this  material  in  quantity,  by  fractional  distillation  of  the  crude  spirits. 
Its  iodine  number  is  high  and  its  oxygen  carrying  properties  are  good. 
Its  evaporation  leaves  a  durable  film. 

Formulas  on  Southern  Test  Fence. 

Formulas  No.  1  to  No.  37  were  all  ground  in  pure  refined  linseed 
oil.  They  were  made  in  the  form  of  semi-paste  and  then  thinned 
down  with  sufficient  refined  linseed  oil  so  that  each  would  have  a 
relative  viscosity.  To  each  formula  was  then  added  a  sufficient 
amount  of  pure  lead  and  manganese  linoleate  drier  to  give  proper 
drying  qualities.  On  thinning  for  the  priming  coat,  one  pint  of  tur¬ 
pentine  was  added  to  each  gallon  of  paint.  For  the  second  coat,  one- 
half  pint  turpentine  and  one-half  pint  refined  linseed  oil  were  added 
to  each  gallon.  For  the  third  coat  work,  reduction  was  made  with  one 
pint  of  refined  linseed  oil. 

In  the  case  of  formulas  31  to  37,  reductions  were  the  same,  ex¬ 
cept  that  a  series  of  specially  prepared  wood  turpentines  were  used  in 
place  of  the  pure  gum  spirits  used  in  formulas  1  to  31. 

Formulas  38  to  41,  as  will  be  shown,  were  ground  in  equal  parts 
of  the  oils  tested.  These  formulas,  however,  were  all  thinned  for 
application  with  pure  gum  spirits  of  turpentine,  and  the  respective 
vehicle  in  which  they  were  ground. 


FORMULAS  FOR  SOUTHERN  TEST  FENCE. 

Vehicle:  Bleached  Linseed  Oil  with  Lead  and  Manganese  Lino- 
leate  Drier. 


Formula  No. 


i :  ^Corroded  White  Lead 

100% 

2 :  *Sublimed  White  Lead  in 

Oil 

100% 

3 :  Zinc  Oxide  XX  in  Oil 

100% 

4:  Zinc  Lead  White  in  Oil 

100% 

5:  Leaded  Zinc  65%,  Corroded  White  Lead  35% 

6:  *  Corroded  White  Lead 

100% 

7 :  ^Corroded  White  Lead 

100% 

No.  8. 

j 

}  No.  15. 

Corroded  White  Lead 

85%’ 

Corroded  White  Lead 

45% 

Zinc  Oxide 

15% 

Zinc  Oxide 

45% 

China  Clay 

10% 

100% 

No.  9. 

1 

.  i 

100% 

Corroded  White  Lead 

65% 

No.  16. 

Zinc  Oxide 

35% 

Corroded  White  Lead 

45% 

100% 

Zinc  Oxide 

45% 

No.  10. 

Barytes 

i  • 

10% 

Corroded  White  Lead 

50% 

> 

V 

c 

c 

HH 

Zinc  Oxide 

50% 

No.  17. 

100% 

Corroded  White  Lead 

•  45% 

No.  11. 

Zinc  Oxide 

40% 

Corroded  White  Lead 

40% 

Silica 

15% 

Zinc  Oxide 

60% 

100% 

100% 

No.  18. 

No.  12. 

Corroded  White  Lead 

45% 

Corroded  White  Lead 

3°% 

Zinc  Oxide 

40% 

Zinc  Oxide 

70% 

Asbestine 

15% 

100% 

100% 

No.  13. 

No.  19. 

Corroded  White  Lead 

45% 

Corroded  White  Lead 

45% 

Zinc  Oxide 

45% 

Zinc  Oxide 

40% 

Silica 

10% 

Barytes 

15% 

100% 

100% 

No.  14. 

No.  20. 

Corroded  White  Lead 

45% 

Sublimed  White  Lead 

45% 

Zinc  Oxide 

45% 

Zinc  Oxide 

40% 

Asbestine 

10% 

Silica 

15% 

100% 

100% 

•Corroded  White  Lead  is  the  Basic  Carbonate  of  Lead.  Sublimed  White  Lead  is  the  Basic  Sulfate  of  Lead 


No.  21. 

Sublimed  White  Lead  45% 

Zinc  Oxide  40% 

Asbestine  15% 


100% 

No.  22. 

Sublimed  White  Lead  45% 

Zinc  Oxide  40% 

Barytes  15% 


100% 

No.  23. 

Zinc  Oxide  90% 

Calcium  Carbonate  10% 


100% 

No.  24. 

Sublimed  White  Lead  40% 

Zinc  Oxide  45% 

Calcium  Carbonate  15% 


100% 

No.  25. 

Corroded  White  Lead  35% 

Zinc  Oxide  50% 

Silica  15% 


100% 

No.  26. 

Corroded  White  Lead  20% 

Sublimed  White  Lead  30% 

Zinc  Oxide  40% 

Asbestine  10% 


100% 

Formula  No. 


No.  27. 

Corroded  White  Lead  20% 

Sublimed  White  Lead  20% 

Zinc  Oxide  40% 

Barytes  10% 

Asbestine  10% 


100% 

No.  28. 

Corroded  White  Lead 

20% 

Sublimed  White  Lead 

20% 

Zinc  Oxide 

40% 

Calcium  Carbonate 

10% 

Silica 

10% 

100% 

No.  29. 

Sublimed  White  Lead 

20% 

Corroded  White  Lead 

20% 

Zinc  Oxide 

30% 

Barytes 

10% 

Asbestine 

10% 

Calcium  Carbonate 

10% 

100% 

No.  30. 

Corroded  White  Lead 

33% 

Zinc  Oxide 

33% 

Barytes 

33% 

99% 

No.  31. 

Corroded  White  Lead 

45% 

Zinc  Oxide 

45% 

Asbestine 

5% 

Calcium  Carbonate 

5% 

100% 


32 —  Same  as  No.  31  but  thinned  with  wood  turpentine  No.  1. 

33 —  Same  as  No.  31  but  thinned  with  wood  turpentine  No.  2. 

34 —  Same  as  No.  31  but  thinned  with  wood  turpentine  No.  3. 

35 —  Same  as  No.  31  but  thinned  with  wood  turpentine  No.  4. 

36 —  Same  as  No.  31  but  thinned  with  wood  turpentine  No.  5. 

37 —  Same  as  No.  31  but  thinned  with  high-boiling-point  petroleum  spirits 

( turpentine  substitute). 

38 —  Same  as  No.  31  but  ground  in  50%  Raw  Linseed  Oil,  50%  Soya  Bean  Oil. 

39 —  Same  as  No.  31  but  ground  in  50%  Raw  Linseed  Oil,  50%  Corn  Oil. 

40 —  Same  as  No.  31  but  ground  in  50%  Raw  Linseed  Oil,  50%  Cotton  Seed  Oil. 

41 —  Same  as  No.  31  but  ground  in  50%  Raw  Linseed  Oil,  50%  Rosin  Oil. 

42 —  Same  as  No.  31  but  ground  in  50%  Raw  Linseed  Oil,  50 %  Pine  Oil. 


